![]() Although there is clear evidence that the experience of affect relates to many different risky behaviors ( Chambless, Cherney, Caputo, & Rheinstein, 1987 Clark, 2005 Krueger et al., 1994 Schuckit & Smith, 2006 Sheppard, Smith, & Rosenbaum, 1988), at present, we have no integrative model to explain this link. First, they describe a specific process by which emotionality is tied to ill-advised, rash action, one result of which is engagement in risky, potentially harmful, behavior. We believe that these proposed traits are important for several reasons. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the trait for clinical disorders and appropriate interventions. We then consider the urgency traits in the course of development. We identify a candidate brain system, we consider the roles of serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter activity in that system, and we discuss evidence that certain gene polymorphisms appear to contribute to the relevant neurotransmitter variability. Next, we review a set of findings from neuroscience that, together, may describe the facilitative conditions for the emergence of the urgency traits. ![]() ![]() We then provide a theoretical account relating emotion to action that illustrates the relevance of the traits for adaptive and maladaptive functioning. ![]() In this section of the paper, we describe empirical support for the urgency traits’ distinctness from other traits that dispose individuals to rash action and we consider the urgency traits in relation to comprehensive models of personality. We first review evidence supporting the existence of the traits and evidence for their utility in accounting for risky behavior. To support this proposition, we proceed as follows. They are referred to as positive urgency (the tendency to engage in rash action in response to extreme positive affect) and negative urgency (the tendency to engage in rash action in response to extreme negative affect) ( Cyders et al., 2007a Cyders & Smith, 2007 Fischer, Smith, Spillane, & Cyders, 2005 Smith, Fischer, Cyders, Annus, Spillane, & McCarthy, 2007a Whiteside & Lynam, 2001, 2003 Whiteside, Lynam, Miller, & Reynolds, 2005). We propose that there are two personality traits that refer to emotion-based dispositions to engage in rash actions. The authors discuss the implications of this theory. Certain gene polymorphisms are associated with low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine that pattern of neurotransmitter activity in a brain system linking the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala appears to facilitate development of positive and negative urgency. The authors identify facilitative conditions for the emergence of the urgency traits from neuroscience. The authors provide evidence that these traits are distinct from other dispositions toward rash action, and that they play distinct roles in predicting problem levels of involvement in behaviors such as alcohol consumption, binge eating, drug use, and risky sexual behavior. The traits refer to individual differences in the disposition to engage in rash action when experiencing extreme positive and negative affect, respectively. The authors present evidence for the existence of two related traits called positive and negative urgency. Under heightened emotional states, individuals are more inclined to engage in ill-considered or rash actions than at other times.
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